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EGYPT / 2012 / A VERY RARE COLOR VARIETY & PERFORATION ERROR / GAMAL ABDEL NASSER / FLAG / MNH / VF

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The Egyptian Revolution of 1952

The Free Officers after the coup, 1 January 1953. From left to right: Zakariya Muhieddin, Abdel Latif Boghdadi, Kamel el-Din Hussein (standing), Nasser (seated), Abdel Hakim Amer, Muhammad Naguib and Ahmad Shawki

The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 (Arabic: ثورة 23 يوليو 1952‎), also known as the 23 July Revolution, began on 23 July 1952, with a military coup d´état by the Free Officers Movement, a group of army officers led by Egypt´s first president Muhammad Naguib. The revolution was initially aimed at overthrowing King Farouk and establishing democratic governance. After Gamal Abdel Nasser deposed Mohamed Naguib in 1953, he soon moved to abolish the constitutional monarchy and aristocracy of Egypt and Sudan, establish a republic, end the British occupation of the country, and secure the independence of Sudan (hitherto governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium). The revolutionary government adopted a staunchly nationalist, anti-imperialist agenda, which came to be expressed chiefly through Arab nationalism, and international non-alignment.

The revolution was faced with immediate threats from Western imperial powers, particularly the United Kingdom, which had occupied Egypt since 1882, and France, both of whom were wary of rising nationalist sentiment in territories under their control throughout the Arab world, and Africa. The ongoing state of war with Israel also posed a serious challenge, as the Free Officers increased Egypt´s already strong support of the Palestinians. These two issues conflated four years after the revolution when Egypt was invaded by Britain, France, and Israel in the Tripartite Aggression of 1956. Despite enormous military losses, the war was seen as a political victory for Egypt, especially as it left the Suez Canal in uncontested Egyptian control for the first time since 1875, erasing what was seen as a mark of national humiliation. This strengthened the appeal of the revolution in other Arab and African countries.

Wholesale agrarian reform, and huge industrialisation programmes were initiated in the first decade and half of the revolution, leading to an unprecedented period of infrastructure building, and urbanisation. By the 1960s, Arab socialism had become a dominant theme, transforming Egypt into a centrally planned economy. Official fear of a Western-sponsored counter-revolution, domestic religious extremism, potential communist infiltration, and the conflict with Israel were all cited as reasons compelling severe and longstanding restrictions on political opposition, and the prohibition of a multi-party system. These restrictions on political activity would remain in place until the presidency of Anwar Sadat from 1970 onwards, during which many of the policies of the revolution were scaled back or reversed.

The early successes of the revolution encouraged numerous other nationalist movements in other Arab, and African countries, such as Algeria, and Kenya, which were engaged in anti-colonial struggles against European empires. It also inspired the toppling of existing pro-Western monarchies and governments in the region and the continent.

The Revolution is commemorated each year on Egypt´s national day, Revolution Day, on 23 July.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Nasser and his family in Manshiyat al-Bakri, 1963. From left to right, his daughter Mona, his wife Tahia Kazem, daughter Hoda, son Abdel Hakim, son Khaled, son Abdel Hamid and Nasser

Seated are then-Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia (7th from left in first row with hand on chin), Nasser (9th from left in military garb), Imam Ahmad of North Yemen (seated to the left of Nasser wearing sunglasses) and Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (seated to the left of Badr), the exiled Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, at the Bandung Conference, 1955

Nasser returns to cheering crowds in Cairo after announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, August 1956

Nasser signing unity pact with Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli, forming the United Arab Republic, February 1958

Nasser seated alongside Crown Prince Muhammad al-Badr of North Yemen (center) and Shukri al-Quwatli (right). North Yemen joined the UAR to form the United Arab States, a loose confederation

Nasser with Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella after Algeria´s independence from France, 1962

Nasser with Arab heads of state. From left to right, Houari Boumediene of Algeria, Nureddin al-Atassi of Syria, Abdul Rahman Aref of Iraq, Nasser, and Ismail al-Azhari of Sudan in 1968

Nasser with Arafat (right) and King Faisal (center) at the emergency Arab League summit in Cairo on 27 September 1970, just one day before Nasser´s sudden death

Nasser observing the Suez front with Egyptian officers during the War of Attrition, January 1968

Gaafar Nimeiry of Sudan (left), Nasser, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya (right) at the Tripoli Airport, 1969. Nimeiry and Gaddafi were influenced by Nasser´s pan-Arabist ideas and the latter sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs"

Nasser and Sadat in front of the press, 1960

Abdel Nasser Mosque in Cairo, the site of his burial

Gamal Abdel Nasser ( 15 January 1918 - 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. He led the bloodless coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and heralded a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt together with a profound advancement of pan-Arab nationalism.
Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in both modern Arab history and Third World politics in the 20th century. Although he was originally met with suspicion after putting the country´s new president, Muhammad Naguib, under house arrest in 1954, he soon gained immense popularity in Egypt and the Arab world when he nationalized the Suez Canal from its British and French stockholders two years later. The consequent British, French, and Israeli invasion of and withdrawal from the canal zone installed Nasser as the decisive victor in the eyes of his people. Meanwhile, he had commenced work on the major projects of the Aswan High Dam in Upper Egypt and the Helwan steelworks. Through his actions and the charisma of his speeches, Nasser´s version of pan-Arabism, also referred to as Nasserism, won a great following in the Arab world. By 1958, he united his country with Syria, forming the short-lived United Arab Republic (UAR). At the same time, he inspired successful and unsuccessful revolutions in several Arab countries.
This period of glory for Nasser had eroded roughly as soon it came about and three years after the founding of the union, Syria split from the UAR. Afterward, he concentrated on pursuing increased socialist and modernizing measures in Egypt which included the nationalization of more companies, reforming the al-Azhar Mosque, providing housing and universal health care, as well as other liberalization schemes. His commanding position among the Arab leaders was also re-established in the wake of Nasserist-led coups and revolutions in Algeria, Iraq, Syria, and North Yemen. The latter dragged him into war in North Yemen as he sent thousands of Egyptian troops to defend the new anti-royalist government. Nasser´s status as "leader of the Arabs" was severely tarnished as a result of the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six Day War of 1967, yet many in the general Arab populace still viewed him as a symbol of their dignity and freedom; when he declared his resignation soon after, tens of thousands of Egyptians immediately protested, prompting him to retract his decision. After 1967, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition with Israel and his strategy of playing the world superpowers — the US and the USSR — against each other ceased as he developed closer relations with the latter.
On September 28, 1970, Nasser died of a heart attack following the conclusion of an emergency Arab League summit he organized to end the civil war between Palestinian paramilitaries and the Jordanian Army. His funeral procession in Cairo drew in five million mourners while numerous others mourned throughout the Arab world. His mixed legacy is debated until the present day. TIME magazine wrote that, despite the mistakes and setbacks of his career, the elevation of dignity and pride Nasser instilled in Egyptians and Arabs everywhere "may have been enough to balance his flaws and failures."

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EGYPT / 2012 / A VERY RARE COLOR VARIETY & PERFORATION ERROR / GAMAL ABDEL NASSER / FLAG / MNH / VF